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</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><caption class="infobox-title">Directive 91/250/EEC<br>2009/24/EC</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #ddd; font-weight: bold;"><a href="Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">European Union directive</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data">Directive on the legal protection of computer programs</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Made by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Made under</th><td class="infobox-data">Art. 100a</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Official_Journal_of_the_European_Union" title="Official Journal of the European Union">Journal</a> reference</th><td class="infobox-data">L122, 1991-05-17, pp. 9–13</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ccf;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date made</th><td class="infobox-data">14 May 1991</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Entry into force</th><td class="infobox-data">17 May 1991</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Implementation date</th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1993//25 May 2009</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ccf;">Preparative texts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="European_Commission" title="European Commission">Commission</a> proposal</th><td class="infobox-data">C91, 1989-04-12, p. 4<br>C320, 1990-12-20, p. 22</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="European_Economic_and_Social_Committee" title="European Economic and Social Committee">EESC</a> opinion</th><td class="infobox-data">C329, 1989-12-30, p. 4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">EP</a> opinion</th><td class="infobox-data">C231, 1990-09-17, p. 78</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reports</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ccf;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Replaces</th><td class="infobox-data">—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amends</th><td class="infobox-data">—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amended by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Directive_93/98/EEC" class="mw-redirect" title="Directive 93/98/EEC">93/98/EEC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Replaced by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32009L0024">Directive 2009/24/EC on the legal protection of computer programs</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color: #ccffcc; font-weight: bold;">Current legislation</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> <b>Computer Programs Directive</b> controls the legal protection of computer programs under the <a href="Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Copyright law of the European Union">copyright law of the European Union</a>. It was issued under the <a href="Single_European_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Single European market">internal market</a> provisions of the <a href="Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Treaty of Rome</a>. The most recent version is Directive 2009/24/EC.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>In Europe, the need to foster the computer software industry brought attention to the lack of adequate harmonisation among the copyright laws of the various EU nations with respect to such software.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economic pressure spurred the development of the first directive which had two goals (1) the harmonisation of the law and (2) dealing with the problems caused by the need for interoperability.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The first EU Directive on the legal protection of computer programs was Council Directive 91/250/EEC of 14 May 1991. It required (Art. 1) that computer programs and any associated design material be protected under <a href="Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> as literary works within the sense of the <a href="Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works">Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Directive also defined the copyright protection to be applied to computer programs: the owner of the copyright has the exclusive right to authorise (Art 4):

</p>

<ul><li>the temporary or permanent copying of the program, including any copying which may be necessary to load, view or run the program;</li>

<li>the translation, adaptation or other alteration to the program;</li>

<li>the distribution of the program to the public by any means, including rental, subject to the <a href="First-sale_doctrine" title="First-sale doctrine">first-sale doctrine</a>.</li></ul>

<p>However, these rights are subject to certain limitations (Art. 5). The legal owner of a program is assumed to have a licence to create any copies necessary to use the program and to alter the program within its intended purpose (e.g. for error correction). The legal owner may also make a back-up copy for his or her personal use. The program may also be decompiled if this is necessary to ensure it operates with another program or device (Art. 6), but the results of the decompilation may not be used for any other purpose without infringing the copyright in the program.

</p><p>The duration of the copyright was originally fixed at the life of the author plus fifty years (Art. 8), in accordance with the Berne Convention standard for literary works (Art. 7.1 Berne Convention). This has since been prolonged to the life of the author plus seventy years by the 1993 <a href="Copyright_Duration_Directive" title="Copyright Duration Directive">Copyright Duration Directive</a> (superseded but confirmed by the 2006 <a href="Copyright_Term_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright Term Directive">Copyright Term Directive</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Council Directive 91/250/EEC was formally replaced by Directive 2009/24/EC on 25 May 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which consolidated "the various minor amendments the original directive had received over the years".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2></div>

<th colspan="3">Implementation of the Directive by Member States

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20041201125909/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/at/at010en.html">Urheberrechtsgesetznovelle 1993</a>, <i>BGBl.</i> No. 93/1993, p. 1166

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080222075347/http://www.juridat.be/cgi_loi/loi_F.pl?cn=1994063036">Law of 30.06.1994 (French)</a>, Law of 30.06.1994 (Flemish), <i>Moniteur Belge</i> du 17 juillet 1994, p. 19315

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>

</td>

<td><i>unknown</i>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>

</td>

<td><i>unknown</i>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041128030156/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/cz/cz029en.html">Law No. 121/2000 Coll. of 7 April 2000 on Copyright, Rights Related to Copyright and on the Amendment of Certain Laws</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=47812">LOV nr 1010 af 19/12/1992</a> updated by LBK nr 1144 af 23/10/2014

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250117053850/https://www.riigiteataja.ee/akt/121062024005">Autoriõiguse seadus</a> (2024-10-12)

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>

</td>

<td>Laws Nos. 418/93 and 419/93, <i>Finnish Official Journal</i> of 1993-05-12, p. 415

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="France" title="France">France</a>

</td>

<td><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=515C58B1804AD19DC00A9E54011795F7.tpdjo13v_3?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000713568&dateTexte=19940511"><i>Loi n<sup>o</sup> 94–361 du 10 mai 1994 portant mise en oeuvre de la directive (C. E. E.) n<sup>o</sup> 91–250 du Conseil des communautés européennes en date du 14 mai 1991 concernant la protection juridique des programmes d'ordinateur et modifiant le code de la propriété intellectuelle</i></a></span>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>

</td>

<td>Zweites Gesetz zur Änderung des Urheberrechtsgesetzes vom 9. Juni 1993, <i>BGBl</i> I p. 910

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>

</td>

<td>Law No. 2121/93, <i>Official Journal</i> A No. 25

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>

</td>

<td><i>unknown</i>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050324110430/http://www.wipo.int:80/clea/docs_new/en/ie/ie019en.html">European Communities (Legal Protection of Computer Programs) Regulations, 1993 (S.I. No. 26 of 1993)</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208051107/http://www.cert.garr.it:80/legislazione/dl518_92.html">Decreto Legislativo No. 518 del 29 dicembre 1992</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041120001448/http://www.wipo.int:80/clea/docs_new/en/lv/lv017en.html">Autortiesību likums</a> (2000-04-06)

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050228095912/http://www.wipo.int:80/clea/docs_new/en/lt/lt002en.html">Autorių teisių ir gretutinių teisių įstatimas N. VIII-1185</a> (1999-05-18)

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legilux.public.lu/eli/etat/leg/loi/2001/04/18/n2/jo">Loi du 18 avril 2001 sur les droits d'auteur, les droits voisins et les bases de données</a>. Section 7 – Les programmes d'ordinateur

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050324104211/http://www.wipo.int:80/clea/docs_new/en/mt/mt001en.html">Copyright Act, 2000</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=3182">Wet van 07.07.1994</a>, <i>Stb.</i> JS-1994, p. 521

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>

</td>

<td>Ustawa z 4 lutego 1994 o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych, art. 74–77, Dz.U. 1994 nr 24 poz. 83

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dre.pt/dre/legislacao-consolidada/decreto-lei/1994-34555675">Decreto-Lei n. 252/94, de 20 de Outubro de 1994</a>, <i><a href="Di%C3%A1rio_da_Rep%C3%BAblica" title="Diário da República">Diário da República</a></i> – I Série A, no. 243 de 20 de Outubro de 1994, p. 6374

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orda.ro/fisiere/legi/LEGEA%20%208%20ENGLEZA%20actualizata%20noiembrie%202014.pdf">Law No.8/1996 updated November 2014</a>, state authority: Romanian Copyright Office, see also <a href="Intellectual_property_in_Romania" title="Intellectual property in Romania">Intellectual property in Romania</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050117021351/http://www.wipo.int:80/clea/docs_new/en/sk/sk021en.html">Copyright Act</a> of 1997-12-05 (No. 383/1997)

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050816124520/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/si/si001en.html">Zakon o avtorskih in sorodnih pravicah</a> (1995-03-30)

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071021205118/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/es/es018en.html">Ley 16/1993, de 23 de diciembre, de incorporación al Derecho español de la Directiva 91/250/CEE, de 14 de mayo, sobre la protección jurídica de programas de ordenador</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>

</td>

<td>Act No. 1687/92

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060918132906/http://www.opsi.gov.uk:80/si/si1992/Uksi_19923233_en_1.htm">Copyright (Computer Programs) Regulations 1992 No. 3233</a>

</td></tr>

</tbody></table>

<ul><li><a href="Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Copyright law of the European Union">Copyright law of the European Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_copyright" title="Software copyright">Software copyright</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32009L0024">"Directive 2009/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the legal protection of computer programs"</a>. Publications Office of the European Union.</cite></span>

</li>

Preamble to Council Directive 91/250/EEC of 14 May 1991</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMylly,_Ulla-Maija2009" class="citation journal cs1">Mylly, Ulla-Maija (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.louisville.edu/sites/www.law.louisville.edu/files/cicl2-mylly.pdf">"Harmonizing Copyright Rules for Computer Program Interface Protection"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <b>48</b>. Louisville, Kentucky: University of Louisville Law Review: <span class="nowrap">877–</span>911, page 878. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100605051113/http://www.law.louisville.edu/sites/www.law.louisville.edu/files/cicl2-mylly.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 June 2010.</cite> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (help)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text/283698">Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works</a>. WIPO Lex. World Intellectual Property Organization.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPalenski,_Ronald_J.1991" class="citation journal cs1">Palenski, Ronald J. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cardozoaelj.com/wp-content/uploads/Journal%20Issues/Volume%2010/Issue%201/Palenski.pdf">"The EC Software Directive: Meeting the Challenges of the Information Age"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal</i>. <b>10</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">191–</span>276. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140510161916/http://cardozoaelj.com/wp-content/uploads/Journal%20Issues/Volume%2010/Issue%201/Palenski.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 May 2014.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:31993L0083">Council Directive 93/98/EEC of 29 October 1993 harmonizing the term of protection of copyright and certain related rights</a>, <i>OJ</i> no. L290 of 1993-11-24, p. 9.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Articles 10 and 11 of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32009L0024"><i>Directive 2009/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the legal protection of computer programs</i></a>, L 111/16 EN, Official Journal of the European Union, 5 May 2009.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Jeremy_Phillips" title="Jeremy Phillips">Jeremy Phillips</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipkitten.blogspot.com/2009/05/tuesday-tiddleywinks.html"><i>Tuesday tiddleywinks</i></a>, <a href="IPKat" title="IPKat">IPKat</a>, 5 May 2009. Consulted on 5 May 2009.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:31991L0250">Text of the original directive on the legal protection of computer programs</a> (no longer in force)

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:01991L0250-19931119">Consolidated version of the directive</a> (1993-11-19) no longer in force</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:52000DC0199">Report from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the Economic and Social Committee on the implementation and effects of directive 91/250/EEC on the legal protection of computer programs</a>, (2000-04-10)</li></ul></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32009L0024">Directive 2009/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the legal protection of computer programs</a> current directive, in force</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Intellectual_property_laws_in_the_European_Union_(EU)449" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property laws</a> in the <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Copyright law of the European Union">Copyright</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">Directives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Rental_Directive" title="Rental Directive">Rental Directive</a> (1992)</li>

<li><a href="Satellite_and_Cable_Directive" title="Satellite and Cable Directive">Satellite and Cable Directive</a> (1993)</li>

<li><a href="Copyright_Duration_Directive" title="Copyright Duration Directive">Copyright Duration Directive</a> (1993)</li>

<li><a href="Database_Directive" title="Database Directive">Database Directive</a> (1996)</li>

<li><a href="Conditional_Access_Directive" title="Conditional Access Directive">Conditional Access Directive</a> (1998)</li>

<li><a href="Electronic_Commerce_Directive_2000" title="Electronic Commerce Directive 2000">Electronic Commerce Directive 2000</a> (2000)</li>

<li><a href="Information_Society_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Society Directive">Information Society Directive</a> (2001)</li>

<li><a href="Resale_Rights_Directive" title="Resale Rights Directive">Resale Rights Directive</a> (2001)</li>

<li><a href="Directive_on_the_re-use_of_public_sector_information" title="Directive on the re-use of public sector information">Directive on the re-use of public sector information</a> (2003)</li>

<li><a href="Enforcement_Directive" title="Enforcement Directive">Enforcement Directive</a> (2004)</li>

<li><a href="Copyright_Term_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright Term Directive">Copyright Term Directive</a> (2006)</li>

<li><a href="Directive_on_Copyright_in_the_Digital_Single_Market" title="Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market">Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market</a> (2019)</li>

<li><a href="Customs_Regulation_1383/2003" title="Customs Regulation 1383/2003">Customs Regulation 1383/2003</a> (2003)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Copyright_law_of_France" title="Copyright law of France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyright_law_of_Germany" title="Copyright law of Germany">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyright_law_of_Ireland" title="Copyright law of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyright_law_of_Italy" title="Copyright law of Italy">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyright_law_of_the_Netherlands" title="Copyright law of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyright_law_of_Poland" title="Copyright law of Poland">Poland</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyright_law_of_Romania" title="Copyright law of Romania">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyright_law_of_Spain" title="Copyright law of Spain">Spain</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyright_law_of_Sweden" title="Copyright law of Sweden">Sweden</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyright_law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Copyright law of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Trade_mark_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Trade mark law of the European Union">Trade mark</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Ireland</li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom_trade_mark_law" title="United Kingdom trade mark law">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Union_trade_mark" title="European Union trade mark">European Union trade mark</a></li>

<li><a href="Trade_Marks_Directive" title="Trade Marks Directive">Trade Marks Directive</a> (1988)</li>

<li><a href="Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Produits_Nestl%C3%A9_S.A._v._Cadbury_UK_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. v. Cadbury UK Limited">Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. v. Cadbury UK Limited</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Patent_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Patent law of the European Union">Patent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="German_patent_law" title="German patent law">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Patent_law_in_the_Netherlands" title="Patent law in the Netherlands">The Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Intellectual_property_in_Romania" title="Intellectual property in Romania">Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Directive_on_the_legal_protection_of_biotechnological_inventions" title="Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions">Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions</a> (1998)</li>

<li><a href="European_patent_law" title="European patent law">European patent law</a></li>

<li><a href="Unified_Patent_Court" title="Unified Patent Court">Unified Patent Court</a></li>

<li><a href="Unitary_patent" title="Unitary patent">Unitary patent</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Industrial_design_rights_in_the_European_Union" title="Industrial design rights in the European Union">Designs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hague_Agreement_Concerning_the_International_Deposit_of_Industrial_Designs" title="Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs">Hague Agreement</a> (1999)</li>

<li><a href="Directive_on_the_legal_protection_of_designs" title="Directive on the legal protection of designs">Directive on the legal protection of designs</a> (1998)</li>

<li><a href="Regulation_on_Community_designs" title="Regulation on Community designs">Regulation on Community designs</a> (2001)</li>

<li><a href="European_Union_design" title="European Union design">European Union design</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Geographical_indications_and_traditional_specialities_in_the_European_Union" title="Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union">Geographical indications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Protected_designation_of_origin" title="Protected designation of origin">Protected designation of origin</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditional_speciality_guaranteed" title="Traditional speciality guaranteed">Traditional speciality guaranteed</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade secrets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Directive_on_the_Protection_of_Trade_Secrets" title="Directive on the Protection of Trade Secrets">Directive on the Protection of Trade Secrets</a> (2016)</li>

<li><a href="Law_on_the_Protection_of_Trade_Secrets" title="Law on the Protection of Trade Secrets">German Law on the Protection of Trade Secrets</a> (2019)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Berne_Convention" title="Berne Convention">Berne Convention</a></li>

<li><a href="Lisbon_Agreement_for_the_Protection_of_Appellations_of_Origin_and_their_International_Registration" title="Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration">Lisbon Agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Madrid_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrid system">Madrid system</a></li>

<li><a href="Paris_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Industrial_Property" title="Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property">Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property</a></li>

<li><a href="Rome_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Performers%2C_Producers_of_Phonograms_and_Broadcasting_Organisations" title="Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations">Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations</a></li>

<li><a href="TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS Agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="WIPO_Copyright_Treaty" title="WIPO Copyright Treaty">WIPO Copyright Treaty</a></li>

<li><a href="WIPO_Performances_and_Phonograms_Treaty" title="WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty">WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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